Ed Ciolkosz retrieves what appear to be lacustrine deposits from just below the Wisconsin-age local alluvium (cofluvium) that caps this old terrace deposit.

Ed Ciolkosz discusses the competing models of landscape evolution attributed to William Morris Davis and Walter Penck.

Patrick Drohan describes evidence of the geomorphic processes that shaped this landscape under past climates.

A peneplane--or a bedrock-controlled plateau?

The Red Hill deposits, which are derived from Upper Devonian sediments, are associated with an ancient climate that varied between semiarid to subhumid.

Paleosols preserved at Red Hill suggest the occurence of soils rich in expansive clays, as well as calcium carbonate accumulations and/or redox depletions.

Mark Stolt examines pre-Wisconsinan alluvial deposits associated with a highly weathered paleosol found on alluvial fans and high terraces of Pine Creek.

The Susquehana River, which drains the Appalachian Plateau and Mountains, is subject to frequent flooding under current climatic conditions.

Levees have been built in some places to protect urban development from severe flooding events associated with intense rainfall events.